Inzu ya kontineri ni inyubako yakozwe mbere yububiko ifite ibyuma byubatswe nkumubiri nyamukuru.Ibice byose byuburyo byombi nibice byubatswe hamwe nibice bitandukanye.Bafite inzego zigenga zigenga zidashingiye hanze.Imbere muri module igabanijwemo imyanya itandukanye ukurikije ibisabwa mumikorere.Amazu ya kontineri afite ibiranga umusaruro w’inganda, ubwikorezi bworoshye, gusenya no guteranya byoroshye, no kongera gukoreshwa, kandi byakoreshejwe kwisi yose.Nka kimwe mu bintu bishya byabayeho mu mateka y’ubwubatsi mu kinyejana gishize, inzu ya kontineri yashyizwe ku rutonde n’Abanyamerika “Business Weekly” nk'imwe mu bintu 20 byavumbuwe bishoboka cyane ko byahindura imibereho y'abantu muri imyaka 10 iri imbere, ibyo bikaba bitera kwitabwaho cyane nabakora kontineri.Witondere kandi witoze ushishikaye.
1 Ibidukikije bya Macro mugutezimbere amazu ya kontineri
Ibidukikije byo hanze yikigo bigabanijwemo micro-ibidukikije na macro-ibidukikije: micro-ibidukikije bivuga ibidukikije byihariye byo kubaho no guteza imbere ikigo, ni ukuvuga ibidukikije byinganda nibidukikije byapiganwa ku isoko bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye. ibikorwa byo gukora no gukora byumushinga., abaguzi nibindi bintu, ingaruka zibi bintu zirasobanutse neza, inganda zikora kontineri ziroroshye kubyumva;ibidukikije bya macro bivuga ibidukikije ibikorwa by’ibikorwa n’ibikorwa by’inganda biherereyemo, birimo ibidukikije bya politiki, ibidukikije byemewe n'amategeko, ibidukikije by’ubukungu, ibidukikije n’umuco, ibidukikije by’ikoranabuhanga, ibidukikije n’ibihe byihutirwa, n'ibindi. Izi ngingo zihora zikora kuri isoko mbere, hanyuma bigire ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ikigo.Ntabwo barenze ubushobozi bwikigo.Ntibyoroshye ko inganda zikora kontineri zifata neza.Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa cyane cyane gusesengura ingaruka z’ibidukikije bigezweho ku iterambere ry’amazu ya kontineri.
1.1 Ibidukikije bya politiki
Kuba isi ihinduka biteza imbere ihinduka ry’imiterere y’ubukungu mpuzamahanga, bikarushaho kwihutisha ivugurura n’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ku rwego rw’isi, kandi kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga byateye imbere bitanga amahirwe akomeye mu iterambere ry’igihugu cyanjye.Gira uruhare runini.Muri raporo y’imirimo ya Guverinoma yo mu 2008, “guteza imbere ivugurura ry’ubukungu, guhindura uburyo bw’iterambere, kugenzura byimazeyo ishoramari rihumye n’ubwubatsi butagira ingano mu nganda zikoresha ingufu nyinshi, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ndetse n’ubushobozi buke, kandi byongere ibipimo ngenderwaho n’umushinga w’imishinga ku nganda ko kugabanya iterambere. ”Ibiri muri "byerekana icyerekezo cyiterambere cyibikorwa nibikorwa byumushinga.Nkubuhanga buhanitse, bwongerewe agaciro-ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, amazu ya kontineri atanga amahirwe afatika yinganda za kontineri guhindura imiterere yibicuruzwa, kunoza imikoreshereze yubushobozi, gushiraho urufatiro rukomeye rwiterambere rirambye, no kugera kumajyambere arambye.
1.2 Ibidukikije byemewe n'amategeko
1.2.1 Impamvu zo kuzigama ingufu
Kuva ikibazo cy’ingufu ku isi kibaye mu 1973, ibihugu byashyize ingufu mu kubungabunga ingufu z’ibanze mu bikorwa byo kubungabunga ingufu, kandi bikurikirana kandi bishyira mu bikorwa urukurikirane rw’amabwiriza yo kubungabunga ingufu n’ibipimo ngenderwaho.
Guverinoma ya Amerika yashyize ahagaragara “Amabwiriza yo Kubungabunga Ingufu mu nyubako nshya” mu Kuboza 1977, ashyiraho “Itegeko ryo kubungabunga ingufu z’ibikoresho by’igihugu” kugira ngo hashyirwe mu bikorwa ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ingufu nkeya ku nyubako n'ibikoresho byo mu rugo.Ibipimo ngenderwaho byagiye bisubirwamo kandi bikarushaho gukomera.Byongeye kandi, mu turere twateye imbere mu bukungu nka Californiya na New York, kubaka ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ingufu birakomeye kuruta ibya guverinoma ihuriweho na leta.
Amabwiriza y’ingufu z’inyubako (EPBD) yahindutse itegeko ryemewe n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi muri Mutarama 2003 kandi ni inyandiko y’ingenzi ya politiki y’ingenzi yo kubaka ingufu z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.Kuva EPBD yatangira gukurikizwa, ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byashyizeho cyangwa binonosora amabwiriza yo kuzigama ingufu zishingiye ku bisabwa na EPBD kandi bihujwe n’ibihe byihariye.Noneho uzigame ingufu kuri 25% ~ 30%;�Ubudage bwashyize mu bikorwa amabwiriza mashya yo kuzigama ingufu mu kubaka ingufu muri Mata 2006. Iri tegeko risobanura neza ibisabwa mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya EPBD mu mpande zose, kandi riteganya ibisabwa byibuze ingufu zikoreshwa mu mikoreshereze y’inyubako zitandukanye.
Kuva mu myaka ya za 1980, igihugu cyanjye cyatangaje gahunda yo kubaka politiki yo kuzigama ingufu no kubaka ibipimo bizigama ingufu, nka JGJ26-1995 “Ibipimo ngenderwaho byubaka ingufu-bizigama amazu (Heating Residential Buildings)”, JGJ134-2001 “Kubungabunga Ingufu zo Kubaka Amazu muri Ahantu hashyushye nubukonje bukonje ”.Ibishushanyo mbonera ”, JGJ75-2003“ Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo Kubungabunga Ingufu Zituye Amazu yo Gutura mu Gihe Cyizuba Cy’ubushyuhe ”, GB50189-2005“ Ibipimo ngenderwaho byo kubungabunga ingufu z’inyubako rusange ”n'ibindi.;Sisitemu.
1.2.2 Impamvu z'umutekano w'amashanyarazi
Umutekano w'amashanyarazi ntabwo ujyanye gusa n'umutekano bwite, ahubwo ufitanye isano n'umutekano w'inyubako, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi n'indi mitungo n'imikorere isanzwe y'ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi.Ibihugu byinshi byateye imbere byibanze cyane kubibazo by’umutekano w’amashanyarazi kandi bishyiraho amategeko yihariye y’umutekano w’amashanyarazi.“Amabwiriza y’amashanyarazi” na “Diregiteri Ntoya” y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, n'ibindi. Aya mabwiriza y’umutekano w’amashanyarazi yagize uruhare runini mu kurinda umutekano bwite no gukumira umuriro w’amashanyarazi.
“Amategeko agenga amashanyarazi” yo muri Amerika akubiyemo rwose ihame ry'umutekano w'amashanyarazi “rishingiye ku bantu”.Iragaragaza neza ku rubuga rwayo igira iti: “Intego y'aya mabwiriza ni ukurinda umutekano w'abantu n'umutungo, no kwirinda akaga gaterwa no gukoresha amashanyarazi.”Dukurikije ikoranabuhanga rigezweho n’inganda zikenewe, Ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu rishinzwe kurinda umuriro muri Amerika rivugurura amategeko y’amashanyarazi buri myaka itatu, ku buryo iyi nyandiko y’ingenzi mu bijyanye n’umutekano w’amashanyarazi muri Amerika ifite amabwiriza akomeye kandi arambuye, akomeye. inyandiko, hamwe no kwizerwa gukomeye.Imikorere, kandi ukomeze imiterere yiterambere ryibipimo nibisobanuro kuva mu ntangiriro kugeza ku iherezo, wishimira izina ryinshi kwisi.
Kubera impamvu z’amateka, ishyirwaho ry’amabwiriza y’umutekano w’amashanyarazi mu gihugu cyanjye ryerekeza ku mahame y’icyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti “Amabwiriza yo Kwishyiriraho Amashanyarazi”, ashimangira gusa kurinda ibikoresho kandi akaba adafite igitekerezo cy '“abantu”., Ingingo zimwe zifite ibibazo nko kudasobanuka, kwivuguruza, ningorane zo kubishyira mubikorwa, kandi igihe cyisubiramo ni kirekire, kikaba kitagihuye nibyifuzo byiterambere ryihuse ryimibereho nubukungu.Kubwibyo, ugereranije n’ibihugu byateye imbere, haracyari icyuho kinini mu mategeko y’umutekano w’amashanyarazi mu gihugu cyanjye.
1.3 Ibidukikije
Mu bihe by’ihungabana ry’imari, ubukungu bw’isi burimo kuringaniza ibiciro by’iterambere ryihuse, imikoreshereze y’isi yose hamwe n’isoko mpuzamahanga ry’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ni bike, kandi amarushanwa ku isoko arakomeye;ibihugu byateye imbere byongeye gushimangira umusaruro, inganda n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, kandi urugero rw’iterambere ry’ubukungu rwahindutse “kongera inganda”, ntirugabanya gusa isoko ry’ibihugu byateye imbere, ahubwo rushobora guhangana n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere ku isoko.Kuvuguruzanya kw’ubukungu bw’isi yose byatumye habaho gukumira ibicuruzwa bikabije, kandi imirima, ingano n’ibintu bivuguruzanya mu bucuruzi byagutse cyane, bitera imbogamizi zikomeye ku iterambere ry’ejo hazaza h’ubucuruzi bw’isi.Mu guhangana n’ibibazo by’ubukungu, uruganda rwanjye rwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bigomba guhindura ingamba z’ubucuruzi mu gihe gikwiye, kwagura amasoko mashya yoherezwa mu mahanga, no kwirinda ko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bikabije;buhoro buhoro uhinduke uva mubikorwa byo guhatanira ibiciro bidahenze ujya muburyo butandukanye bwo guhatanira amarushanwa, kandi witondere cyane ubushakashatsi bwigenga niterambere no guhanga udushya, kuzamura irushanwa ryibanze, no guteza imbere iterambere rirambye ryibigo.
1.4 Ibidukikije n'imibereho
1.4.1 Guhindura imibereho
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryubumenyi nikoranabuhanga, imibereho yabantu yagize impinduka zikomeye, zashishikarije gutekereza gushya aho batuye.Ibyo abantu bakeneye mu miturire ntibikiri mu buhungiro bw’umuyaga n’imvura, kandi ibisabwa bishya nko guhumurizwa, kurengera ibidukikije, kuzigama ingufu, n’ibidukikije bikomeje kugaragara.Hasabwe ko icyitegererezo cy’inyubako gakondo kidashobora kongera guhaza ibyo abantu bakeneye ku giti cyabo, kandi amazu ya kontineri ni igitekerezo gishya, nk'amazu y'abanyeshuri ba kontineri i Amsterdam, mu Buholandi, amahoteri y’ubukungu bwa kontineri i Londere, mu Bwongereza, no mu mijyi ya kontineri ku kivuko. karere, na Naples, mu Butaliyani.Ububiko bwa Puma franchise, inzu ndangamurage yimuka i Tokiyo, Ubuyapani, nibindi
1.4.2 Ingaruka zimiterere yabaturage
Umuvuduko w’abaturage ku isi uragenda wiyongera, bigaragazwa n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere ndetse no gusaza kw'abaturage mu bihugu byateye imbere.Abaguzi b'imyaka itandukanye bafite itandukaniro rigaragara mubyo bakeneye no kwitwara.Ku rubyiruko n'abasaza bafite ubukungu bubi, ikintu cyo gukoresha amazu kigomba kuba amazu ahendutse.Ikwirakwizwa ryimyubakire yinganda zabanyamerika zateye imbere kuva muri RV hamwe nimyaka yabaguzi birerekana iki kintu: Amazu yinganda zabanyamerika yibanda cyane cyane mukarere ka majyepfo yubukungu bwifashe nabi, kandi abaguzi benshi ni amatsinda make, cyane cyane abato n'abakuru.Nubwoko bwamazu yinganda, amazu ya kontineri afite amahirwe menshi yiterambere mumatsinda yinjiza make, cyane cyane urubyiruko nabasaza.
1.5 Ibidukikije
Ibidukikije byikoranabuhanga bivuga urwego rwikoranabuhanga, imbaraga zikoranabuhanga, politiki yikoranabuhanga hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryiterambere mubidukikije aho uruganda ruherereye.Ibidukikije bya tekiniki yamazu ya kontineri harimo siyanse yubuhanga nubuhanga hamwe nikoranabuhanga rishyigikira bijyanye no gutwara ibintu.Ihuriro ryabo rigizwe na tekinoroji yuburyo bwamazu ya kontineri ashingiye kubumenyi nubuhanga.
Iterambere ryihuse ryubumenyi nubuhanga bugezweho, cyane cyane itumanaho rya mudasobwa n’ikoranabuhanga ry’urusobe, byatumye umubare munini w’ibikoresho bigezweho ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho bikoreshwa mu nyubako, kandi ubwenge bw’ubwubatsi burimo kwitabwaho n’ubushakashatsi;ibibazo bibiri bikomeye ku isi, ibura ry'umutungo no kwangirika kw'ibidukikije, biteza imbere Hamwe n'iterambere ry'inyubako mu rwego rwo kurengera ibidukikije, kuzigama ingufu, no gutunganya umutungo.Iyo abakora amazu ya kontineri batezimbere ibicuruzwa byo munzu, ntibagomba gusa kwita kubuhanga bwo gutwara ibintu, ahubwo banakurikiranira hafi urwego rwikoranabuhanga niterambere ryiterambere ryinganda zubaka, bagakomeza kumenya ikoreshwa ryikoranabuhanga rishya ryubaka, ibikoresho bishya, nibishya inzira, kugirango iterambere ryamazu ya kontineri rishobora kugendana niterambere ryamazu ya kontineri.Umuvuduko wo guhindura ibihe.
1.6 Ibidukikije
Kugeza ubu, umuryango w’abantu uhura n’ibibazo bikomeye byo kubura ingufu no kwangiza ibidukikije.Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, ubwubatsi butwara hafi 50% by’umutungo kamere w’isi, imyanda yo kubaka igizwe na 40% y’imyanda ituruka ku bikorwa by’abantu, naho ihumana ry’ikirere, umwanda w’umucyo, n’umwanda wa electromagnetique ujyanye n’ubwubatsi bingana na 34% by’ibidukikije muri rusange; umwanda.Nkibicuruzwa byingenzi byimico yabantu, ubwubatsi bwabaye budashoboka muburyo bwa gakondo bwiterambere.Gushakisha uburyo burambye bwiterambere ryubwubatsi, kurikirana ubufatanye hagati yiterambere ryubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage, umutungo n’ibidukikije, no kugera ku bwumvikane hagati y’umuntu na kamere byabaye ubwubatsi bwihutirwa mu iterambere ry’inganda.Mu 1993, Kongere ya 18 y’ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry’abubatsi yasohoye “Itangazo rya Chicago” rifite insanganyamatsiko igira iti “Ubwubatsi ku masangano-yubaka ejo hazaza harambye”, bwerekanaga ko “ubwubatsi n’ibidukikije byubatswe bigira uruhare runini mu ingaruka z'abantu ku bidukikije. ”Ibice bigira uruhare runini;gushushanya bijyanye n'amahame y'iterambere rirambye bisaba ko harebwa byimazeyo umutungo n'ingufu, ingaruka ku buzima, no guhitamo ibikoresho. ”Amazu ya kontineri akubiyemo imyumvire yo gutunganya umutungo, kubungabunga ingufu no kurengera ibidukikije, kandi ni bumwe mu buryo bwo kumenya iterambere rirambye ry’inyubako.
1.7 Ibihe byihutirwa
Mu myaka yashize, ibiza byatewe na nyamugigima, kuruka kw'ibirunga hamwe n'ibihe bidasanzwe bikabije byiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara.Nyuma y’umutingito, amazu menshi amaze gusenywa, abahohotewe bazimurwa.Inzu ya kontineri ifite ibiranga amazu yo guturamo.Habayeho ibintu byinshi byagezweho mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga mugukemura vuba ibibazo byimibereho yabahohotewe.Hazakenerwa byinshi kandi amazu ya kontineri nkamazu yimurwa nyuma yumutingito.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-23-2022