Amateka yamazu yubatswe

1. Amavu n'amavuko

Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose itangiye (WW II), amazu yo muri Amerika yari yagabanutse kugera ku gipimo cya 43,6% mu 1940, ahanini biturutse ku ihungabana rikomeye ndetse n'ubukungu bwa Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika nyuma yazo.Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Akanama gashinzwe kubyara intambara kasohoye iteka ryo kubungabunga L-41 ku ya 9 Mata 1942, gishyira mu bikorwa ibyubatswe byose.Iri teka ryatumye biba ngombwa ko abubatsi bahabwa uruhushya n’ikigo cy’intambara gishinzwe intambara kugira ngo batangire kubaka bitwara amafaranga arenze imipaka runaka mu gihe cy’amezi 12 akomeje.Kubaka amazu, iyo mipaka yari $ 500, hamwe n’imipaka ihanitse yo kubaka no kubaka ubuhinzi.Ingaruka zibi bintu ku iyubakwa ry’amazu yo muri Amerika hagati ya 1921 na 1945 rigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira, yerekana ko igabanuka rikabije mu gihe cy’Ubukungu bukabije ndetse na nyuma y’itegeko L-41 ryatanzwe.

 

Inkomoko: “Ubwubatsi mu myaka y'intambara - 1942 -45,”
Minisiteri ishinzwe umurimo muri Amerika, Itangazo No 915

Mu mpera z'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Amerika yari ifite ingabo zigera kuri miliyoni 7,6 mu mahanga.Akanama gashinzwe gutanga intambara kavanyeho L-41 ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1945, amezi atanu nyuma y’umunsi wa VE (Intsinzi i Burayi) ku ya 8 Gicurasi 1945 n’ibyumweru bitandatu nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose irangiye ubwo Ubuyapani bwatangaga ku mugaragaro ku ya 2 Nzeri 1945. Mu mezi atanu kuva umunsi wa VE , abasirikare bagera kuri miliyoni eshatu bari bamaze gusubira muri Amerika.Intambara imaze kurangira, Amerika yahuye n’itahuka ry’abandi basirikare babarirwa muri za miriyoni.Benshi muri iri tsinda rinini ryabasirikare baba bashaka kugura amazu kumasoko yimiturire itari yiteguye kuhagera.Mugihe gito cyumwaka nyuma yuko Iteka L-41 rivanyweho, buri kwezi amafaranga yimiturire yigenga yiyongereyeho gatanu.Iyi yari intangiriro yo kuzamuka kwamazu nyuma yintambara muri Amerika.

Muri Werurwe 1946Ubumenyi bukunzweingingo y’ikinyamakuru yise “Stopgap Amazu,” umwanditsi, Hartley Howe, yagize ati: “Nubwo amazu 1.200.000 ahora yubakwa buri mwaka - kandi Amerika ntiyigeze yubaka na 1.000.000 mu mwaka umwe - bizaba imyaka 10 mbere ya byose ishyanga ryubatswe neza.Ni yo mpamvu, amazu y'agateganyo ari ngombwa guhagarika icyo cyuho. ”Kugira ngo ubutabazi bwihuse, guverinoma ihuriweho n’ibihumbi byinshi by’intambara zisagutse z’amazu ya Quonset amazu y’abasivili by'agateganyo.

Guhura n'ikibazo gitandukanye mugihe cyintambara nyuma yintambara, inganda nyinshi zintambara zagabanyije amasezerano cyangwa guhagarikwa kandi umusaruro wuruganda ntirukora.Igabanuka ry’umusaruro wa gisirikare, inganda z’indege zo muri Amerika zashakishije andi mahirwe yo gukoresha uburambe bwa aluminium, ibyuma na plastike mu bukungu nyuma y’intambara.

2. Nyuma ya WW II prefab amazu ya aluminium nicyuma muri Amerika

Mu nomero yo ku ya 2 Nzeri 1946 yaAmakuru yindegekinyamakuru, hari ingingo yiswe “Inganda zindege zizakora amazu ya Aluminium kubakera, ”Yatangaje ibi bikurikira:

• Ati: "Biteganijwe ko abakora indege ebyiri n'igice bazitabira gahunda ya leta yateguwe mbere yo gutura."

• Ati: “Amasosiyete y’indege azibanda kuri FHA (Federal Housing Administration) ibishushanyo mbonera byemewe muri aluminiyumu no guhuza amashanyarazi na insulasiyo, mu gihe andi masosiyete azubaka prefab mu byuma ndetse n’ibindi bikoresho.Ibishushanyo bizahabwa ababikora. ”

• “Amabati hafi ya yose ya aluminiyumu yakoreshejwe mu gusakara no kuryama mu mishinga yo kubaka byihutirwa;mubyukuri ntanumwe usigaye kuri progaramu ya prefab.Ubuyobozi bukora ibikorwa bya gisivili bwakiriye ibisobanuro bya FHA kumpapuro za aluminium nibindi bikoresho bizakorwa, byashoboka ko byihutirwa.Amabati menshi ya aluminiyumu ya prefab azaba afite ibipimo 12 kugeza kuri 20 - .019 - .051. ”

Ukwakira 1946,Amakuru yindegeiki kinyamakuru cyagize kiti: “Intambara ibangamiwe na aluminiyumu yo guturamo, ku ndege n'ibicuruzwa byinshi nyuma y'intambara mu 1947 ntabwo ifatanwa uburemere cyane n'ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe imiturire, kikaba kigirana ibiganiro n'amasosiyete y'indege kubaka amazu ya aluminiyumu yakozwe ku gipimo ngarukamwaka kingana na 500.000. ”. umusaruro w'amazu mu 1947, nibaramuka begereye kubahiriza ibyifuzo bya NHA, byaba byinshi kuruta ibyo bakora mu ndege, ubu bikaba bivugwa ko bitarenze miliyari imwe y'amadolari ya 1946. ”

Mu mpera z'umwaka wa 1946, Umuyobozi wa FHA, Wilson Wyatt, yasabye ko Ubuyobozi bw'Umutungo w'Intambara (WAA) bwashyizweho muri Mutarama 1946 kugira ngo bujugunye imitungo n'ibikoresho bya leta byasagutse, bibuza by'agateganyo inganda z'indege zisigaye mu bukode cyangwa kugurisha no guha indege ababikora bahisemo kubona inganda zisigaye zintambara zishobora guhindurwa-kubyara amazu menshi.WAA yarabyemeye.

Muri gahunda ya guverinoma, abakora amazu ya prefab baba barinzwe mu buryo bw’amafaranga hamwe n’ingwate ya FHA kwishyura 90% y’ibiciro, harimo n’amasezerano yatanzwe n’ikigo cy’imari gishinzwe kubaka (RFC) cyo kugura amazu yose atagurishijwe.

Abakora indege benshi baganiriye na FHA, harimo: Douglas, McDonnell, Martin, Bell, Fairchild, Curtis-Wright, Consolidated-Vultee, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, Goodyear na Ryan.Boeing ntabwo yinjiye muri ibyo biganiro maze Douglas, McDonnell na Ryan basohoka kare.Mu kurangiza, abakora indege benshi ntibashakaga kwiyemeza gahunda yimiturire ya prefab nyuma yintambara, ahanini kubera impungenge zabo zo guhungabanya ibikorwa remezo by’uruganda rw’indege hashingiwe ku kigereranyo cy’isoko ritazwi cyerekana ingano n’igihe isoko ry’amazu ya prefab riba no kutagira amasezerano yihariye. ibyifuzo bya FHA na NHA.

Urubanza rwambere rwubucuruzi kumazu ya aluminium nyuma yicyuma nicyuma cyabanjirije guhimbwa ni uko byashoboraga gukorwa vuba vuba kandi bikagurishwa inyungu ku giciro kitari munsi y’amazu asanzwe yubatswe.Byongeye kandi, amasosiyete akora indege yagaruye bimwe mubikorwa byatakaye nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose irangiye kandi barindwaga ingaruka nyinshi z’amafaranga yabo mu mishinga yo gukora amazu ya prefab.

Ntabwo bitangaje, abashoramari bubaka n’amashyirahamwe y’inganda zubaka barwanyaga iyi gahunda yo kubyaza umusaruro amazu yubatswe mu nganda, kubera ko ibyo byakuraho ubucuruzi mu nganda zubaka.Mu mijyi myinshi, ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi ntiryemerera abayoboke babo gushyira ibikoresho byateguwe.Ibindi bigoye, ibibazo byubwubatsi bwaho hamwe nuduce twa zone ntago byanze bikunze byari bihuye noguteganya kwaguka kwinshi kohereza amazu yakozwe cyane, yakozwe mbere.

Icyizere cyiza cyo gukora no kubaka umubare munini wamazu ya aluminium nicyuma cyakozwe nyuma yintambara ya WW II USA ntabwo yigeze iba impamo.Aho gukora amazu ibihumbi magana ku mwaka, inganda eshanu zikurikira zo muri Amerika zakoze amazu atarenga 2.600 ya aluminium n’ibyuma byakozwe mbere y’imyaka icumi yakurikiye WW II: Indege ya Beech, Inzu ya Lincoln, Corp., Consolidated-Vultee, Lustron Corp . na Sosiyete ya Aluminium yo muri Amerika (Alcoa).Ibinyuranye, abategura ibicuruzwa bitanga amazu menshi asanzwe batanze ibice 37.200 muri 1946 na 37.400 muri 1947. Isoko ryarahari, ariko ntabwo ryakorewe amazu yakozwe na aluminium nicyuma.

Amerika nyuma ya WW II yateguye amazu ya aluminium nicyuma

Izi nganda zo muri Amerika ntabwo zagize uruhare runini mu gufasha gukemura ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazu nyuma ya WW II.Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, aya mazu ya aluminiyumu nicyuma aracyafite ingero zingenzi zamazu ahendutse kuburyo, mubihe byiza, ashobora kubyara umusaruro mwinshi nuyu munsi kugirango bifashe gukemura ikibazo cyibura ryamazu yimiturire ihendutse mumijyi myinshi yo mumijyi no mumujyi.

Bimwe mu byifuzo by’amazu ya Amerika nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose byujujwe n’ikinyuranyo cy’imiturire, amazu y’agateganyo akoresheje ibyateganijwe, ibyuma by’intambara by’ikirenga mu gihe cy’amazu ya Quonset, ibirindiro bya gisirikare, amazu y’agateganyo y’imiturire y’imiryango, amazu yimukanwa yimukanwa, romoruki, n '“amazu adashobora gusohoka. , ”Byagenewe gusenywa, kwimurwa no guteranyirizwa aho bikenewe hose.Urashobora gusoma byinshi kubyerekeranye na WW II nyuma yo guhagarika icyuho muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika muri Hartley Howe yo muri Werurwe 1946 mu gitabo cyitwa Science Science (reba hano hepfo).

Inganda z’ubwubatsi zazamutse vuba nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose kugira ngo zifashe gukemura ibibazo by’amazu hamwe n’amazu ahoraho yubatswe bisanzwe, inyinshi zubakwa mu bice binini by’amazu mu turere twagutse vuba.Hagati ya 1945 na 1952, Ubuyobozi bw'abasirikare bwatangaje ko bwateye inkunga inguzanyo zigera kuri miliyoni 24 ku basirikare ba WW II.Aba basirikare bafashije kuzamura amazu y’Amerika kuva kuri 43,6% muri 1940 kugeza 62% muri 1960.

Amazu abiri ya nyuma ya WW II yo muri Amerika yubatswe na aluminiyumu n’ibyuma yarasubitswe kandi arerekanwa mu nzu ndangamurage zikurikira:

• Inzu isigaye ya Dymaxion imurikwa mu nzu ndangamurage ya Henry Ford yo guhanga udushya i Dearborn, muri Leta ya Michigan.Ihuza ryerekanwa hano:https://www.thehenryford.org/visit/henry-ford-museum/exhibits/dymaxion-house/
• Lustron # 549, icyitegererezo cya Westchester Deluxe 02, irerekanwa mu nzu ndangamurage y’amateka ya Ohio i Columbus, Ohio.Urubuga ndangamurage hano:https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/exhibits/ohio-amateka-yibanze-yerekana

Byongeye kandi, urashobora gusura amazu menshi ya WW II Quonset mu nzu ndangamurage ya Seabees na Parike y'urwibutso iri mu majyaruguru ya Kingstown, ikirwa cya Rhode.Nta numwe wambaye nk'inzu ya gisivili nyuma ya WW II.Urubuga ndangamurage hano:https://www.seabeesmuseum.com

Uzasangamo andi makuru mu ngingo zanjye kuri Amerika yihariye nyuma ya WW II yubatswe na aluminium n'ibyuma kumazu akurikira:

• Intambara isagutse y'ibyuma Quonset:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho
• Indege ya Beech & R. Buckminster Fuller inzu ya aluminium Dymaxion:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibisobanuro
• Inzu ya Lincoln Inzu Corp ya aluminium:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho
• Inzu ya aluminium ya Vultee ihuriweho:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibisobanuro
• Inzu y'ibyuma ya Lustron Corp:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho
• Inzu ya aluminiyumu Yita kuri Alcoa:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikururwa/2020/06/

3. Nyuma ya WW II prefab amazu ya aluminium nicyuma mubwongereza

Mu mpera z'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose mu Burayi (Umunsi wa VE ni 8 Gicurasi 1945), Ubwongereza bwahuye n'ikibazo cyo kubura amazu mu gihe ingabo zabo zasubiye mu rugo mu gihugu cyari cyatakaje amazu agera ku 450.000 kubera ibyangiritse mu gihe cy'intambara.

Ku ya 26 Werurwe 1944, Winston Churchill yavuze ijambo rikomeye asezeranya ko Ubwongereza buzakora amazu 500.000 yabugenewe kugira ngo ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazu cyegereje.Nyuma y'umwaka, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yemeje itegeko rishinzwe imiturire (by'agateganyo), 1944, isaba Minisiteri y’Ubwubatsi gushyiraho ibisubizo by’ibura ry’amazu yegereje no gutanga amazu 300.000 mu myaka 10, ingengo y’imari ingana na miliyoni 150.

Itegeko ryatanze ingamba nyinshi, zirimo kubaka amazu yigihe gito, yakozwe mbere yubuzima buteganijwe kugeza kumyaka 10.Gahunda yimyubakire yigihe gito (THP) yari izwi kumugaragaro nka gahunda yimiturire yihutirwa yakozwe (EFM).Ibipimo rusange byateguwe na minisiteri yimirimo (MoW) byasabye ko ibice byose byateguwe na EFM bifite ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe, harimo:

• Umwanya muto wa metero kare 635 (59 m2)
• Ubugari ntarengwa bwa modul yabugenewe bwa metero 7,5 (m 2,3) kugirango bushobore gutwara abantu mumihanda mugihugu cyose
• Shyira mu bikorwa igitekerezo cya MoW cyerekeye "ishami rya serivisi," ryashyize igikoni n'ubwiherero inyuma-byoroheje kugira ngo byorohereze imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi n'imirongo y'amashanyarazi no koroshya uruganda rukora uruganda.
• Uruganda rusize irangi, hamwe na “magnoliya” (umuhondo-umweru) nk'ibara ry'ibanze n'icyatsi kibisi nk'ibara rya trim.

Mu 1944, Minisiteri y’imirimo yo mu Bwongereza yerekanaga ku mugaragaro ahitwa Tate Gallery i Londres y’ubwoko butanu bw’amazu y’agateganyo.

• Umwimerere Portal ibyuma byose prototype bungalow
• AIROH (Ishami ry’ubushakashatsi mu by'indege ku myubakire) bungalow ya aluminium, ikozwe mu bikoresho by'indege zisagutse.
• Icyuma cya Arcon gikozwe muri bungalow hamwe na paneli ya asibesitosi.Iyi shusho yakuwe muri prototype yicyuma cyose.
• Ibishushanyo bibiri bikozwe mubiti bya prefab, Tarran na Uni-Seco

Iri murika ryamamaye ryongeye gukorwa mu 1945 i Londres.

Ibibazo byo gutanga amasoko byadindije itangira rya gahunda ya EFM.Urubuga rw'ibyuma byose rwarahebwe muri Kanama 1945 kubera kubura ibyuma.Hagati ya 1946, ibura ryibiti ryagize ingaruka kubandi bakora prefab.Amazu yombi ya AIROH na Arcon prefab yahuye ninganda zitunguranye no kongera ibiciro byubwubatsi, bituma bungalows zigihe gito zihenze kubaka kuruta amazu asanzwe yubatswe mubiti n'amatafari.

Muri gahunda yo Gutiza-Gukodesha yatangajwe muri Gashyantare 1945, Amerika yemeye guha Ubwongereza ibikoresho byubatswe na Amerika, ibiti byakozwe mbere y’ibiti bizwi ku izina ry’Ubwongereza 100. Icyifuzo cya mbere cyari icy'ibihumbi 30.000, nyuma kikaba cyaragabanutse kugera ku 8000.Aya masezerano yo Gutiza-Gukodesha yarangiye muri Kanama 1945 ubwo Ubwongereza bwatangiraga kongera umusaruro w’amazu yubatswe.Ubwongereza bwa mbere bwubatswe muri Amerika 100 prefabs bwahageze mu mpera za Gicurasi / mu ntangiriro za Kamena 1945.

Gahunda yo kongera kubaka amazu y’Ubwongereza nyuma y’intambara yagenze neza, itanga amazu mashya agera kuri miliyoni 1.2 hagati ya 1945 na 1951. Muri iki gihe cyo kwiyubaka, amazu 156,623 y’agateganyo y’agateganyo yatanzwe muri gahunda ya EFM, yarangiye mu 1949, atanga amazu yo kubamo abantu bagera kuri miliyoni.Kurenga 92.800 muribi byari aluminium yigihe gito nicyuma.AIROH bungalow ya aluminium niyo moderi yakunzwe cyane ya EFM, ikurikirwa na bungalow ya Arcon ibyuma hanyuma hanyuma ikibaho cyibiti Uni-Seco.Byongeye kandi, amazu arenga 48.000 ya aluminium nicyuma yubatswe mbere yubatswe na AW Hawksley na BISF muri kiriya gihe.

Ugereranije n'umubare muto cyane w'amazu ya aluminium nyuma y'intambara n'ibyuma byubatswe muri Amerika, umusaruro w’intambara nyuma ya intambara ya aluminium n'ibyuma bya prefab mu Bwongereza byagenze neza cyane.

Mu kiganiro cyo ku ya 25 Kamena 2018 mu makuru y’umugoroba wa Manchester, umwanditsi Chris Osuh yatangaje ko, “Byatekerejwe ko hagati ya 6 cyangwa 7,000 za prefabs nyuma y’intambara ziguma mu Bwongereza… ..” Inzu Ndangamurage ya Prefab ikomeza ikarita ihuriweho n’ikimenyane kizwi nyuma ya WW II prefab yinzu mubwongereza kumurongo ukurikira:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/amateka/ikarita

 Ishusho yerekana ikarita yimikorere ya Prefab (utabariyemo prefabs muri Shetland, ziri hejuru yiyi shusho).

 

Mu Bwongereza, icyiciro cya kabiri gisobanura ko imiterere ari ngombwa mu gihugu kandi ifite inyungu zidasanzwe.Gusa nyuma yintambara yigihe gito prefabs yahawe status nkumutungo wa kabiri urutonde:

• Mu isambu ya Phoenix ibyuma byubatswe byubatswe mu 1945 ku Muhanda wa Wake Green, Moseley, Birmingham, amazu 16 kuri 17 yahawe icyiciro cya kabiri mu 1998.
• Bungalows esheshatu z'ibiti bya Uni-Seco zubatswe mu 1945 - 46 mu mutungo wa Excalibur, Lewisham, London zahawe icyiciro cya kabiri mu 2009. Muri icyo gihe, Estcalibur Estates yari ifite umubare munini wa prefabs ya WW II mu Bwongereza: 187 yose hamwe, ubwoko butandukanye.

Prefab nyinshi zintambara nyuma yintambara zibitswe mungoro ndangamurage mubwongereza kandi zirashobora gusurwa.

• Inzu Ndangamurage y’amateka ya Mutagatifu Fagansi Cardiff, mu majyepfo ya Wales: AIROH B2 yubatswe bwa mbere hafi ya Cardiff mu 1947 yarashenywe yimurirwa ahahoze inzu ndangamurage iri mu 1998 maze ifungura ku mugaragaro mu 2001. Urashobora kubona iyi AIROH B2 hano:https://museum.wales/stfagans/inyubako/prefab/
• Inzu Ndangamurage ya Avoncroftmuri Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire: Urashobora kubona Arcon Mk V 1946 hano:https://avoncroft.org.uk/avoncrofts-akazi/amateka-yubaka/
• Inzu Ndangamurage Yubuzimai Tilford, Farnham, Surrey: Mu byo berekanye harimo Arcon Mk V hano:https://rural-life.org.uk/ubushakashatsi-dushakisha/ibisobanuro byacu/
• Chiltern Gufungura Ingoro Ndangamurage (COAM)muri Chalfont St.Iyi prefab yubatswe mu 1947 mu isambu ya Finch Lane muri Amersham.Urashobora kubona "Amersham Prefab" hano:https://www.coam.org.uk/museum-buckinghamshire/amateka-yubaka/amersham-prefab/
• Inzu Ndangamuragei Duxford, muri Cambridgeshire: Icyegeranyo kirimo prefab ya Uni-Seco yimbaho ​​yimuwe i Londres:https://www.iwm.org.uk/ibyegeranyo/item/ibintu/30084361

Ndibwira ko inzu ndangamurage ya Prefab ari isoko nziza yamakuru kuri UK nyuma ya WW II prefabs.Igihe yashingwa muri Werurwe 2014 na Elisabeth Blanchet (umwanditsi w'ibitabo byinshi n'ingingo zivuga kuri prefabs yo mu Bwongereza) na Jane Hearn, inzu ndangamurage ya Prefab yari ifite inzu yayo muri prefab irimo ubusa ku mutungo wa Excalibur uri mu majyepfo ya London.Nyuma y’umuriro mu Kwakira 2014, inzu ndangamurage y’umubiri yarafunzwe ariko ikomeza inshingano zayo zo gukusanya no gufata amajwi yibuka, amafoto n’ibintu byibukwa, bitangwa ku rubuga rwa interineti binyuze ku rubuga rw’inzu ndangamurage ya Prefab ku murongo ukurikira:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk

Uzasangamo andi makuru mu ngingo zanjye ku Bwongereza bwihariye nyuma ya WW II yubatswe na aluminium n'ibyuma ku mahuriro akurikira:

• Urubuga rwicyuma prototype bungalows yigihe gito:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho
• Ikariso yicyuma ikariso yigihe gito:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho
• AIROH aluminium bungalows by'agateganyo:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho
• Phoenix icyuma cyigihe gito bungalows:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho
• BISF ibyuma bikoreshwa mumazu ya duplex:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Ubwongereza-Iron
• AW Hawksley aluminium amazu ahoraho:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho

4. Nyuma ya WW II prefab aluminium n'ibyuma mubufaransa

Mu mpera z'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, Ubufaransa, kimwe n'Ubwongereza, bwagize ikibazo cy'ibura ry'amazu kubera umubare munini w'amazu n'amagorofa yangiritse cyangwa yasenyutse mu gihe cy'intambara, kutubaka amazu mashya muri icyo gihe, ndetse no kubura ibikoresho byo gushyigikira ibishya. kubaka nyuma y'intambara.

Mu rwego rwo gufasha gukemura ikibazo cy’ibura ry’amazu mu 1945, Minisitiri w’Ubwubatsi n’Umujyi w’Ubufaransa, Jean Monnet, yaguze amazu 8000 yo mu Bwongereza 100 yubatswe mbere y’Ubwongereza yari yarabonye muri Amerika mu masezerano yo gutanga inguzanyo.Ibi byubatswe muri Hauts de France (hafi y’Ububiligi), Normandy na Brittany, aho benshi bagikoreshwa muri iki gihe.

Minisiteri y’Ubwubatsi n’Igenamigambi yashyizeho ibisabwa kugira ngo amazu y’agateganyo abimuwe n’intambara.Mubisubizo byambere byashakishijwe harimo amazu yubatswe yapima metero 6 x 6 (metero 19,6 x 19,6);nyuma yagutse kugera kuri metero 6 × 9 (metero 19,6 x 29.5).

Amazu y'agateganyo agera ku 154.000 (Abafaransa bitaga icyo gihe “baraques”), mu bishushanyo byinshi bitandukanye, yubatswe mu Bufaransa mu myaka y'intambara nyuma y'intambara, cyane cyane mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubufaransa kuva Dunkirk kugera kuri Saint-Nazaire.Byinshi byatumijwe muri Suwede, Finlande, Ubusuwisi, Otirishiya na Kanada.

Abaterankunga bambere mu bucuruzi bw’amazu ya aluminium n’ibyuma by’Abafaransa ni Jean Prouvé, watanze igisubizo gishya ku “nzu idashobora kumanikwa,” ishobora kubakwa mu buryo bworoshye nyuma ikaza “kumanuka” ikimukira ahandi bibaye ngombwa.Icyuma gantry kimeze nka "portal frame" cyari imiterere yikigo cyinzu, igisenge ubusanzwe gikozwe muri aluminium, hamwe nimbaho ​​zo hanze zikozwe mubiti, aluminium cyangwa ibikoresho.Byinshi muribi byakozwe mubunini busabwa na minisiteri yubwubatsi.Mu ruzinduko mu mahugurwa ya Maxéville ya Prouvé mu 1949, Eugène Claudius-Petit, wari Minisitiri w’ubwubatsi n’imijyi, icyo gihe yagaragaje ko yiyemeje gushishikariza umusaruro w’inganda “amazu y’ubukungu yatekerejwe (yubatswe).”

Uyu munsi, amazu menshi ya Prouvé ya aluminiyumu n’ibyuma abikwa n’ubwubatsi n’abakusanya ibihangano Patrick Seguin (Galerie Patrick Seguin) na Éric Touchaleaume (Galerie 54 na la Friche l'Escalette).Amazu icumi y’amazu asanzwe ya Prouvé na bane mu mazu ye yubatswe na Maison yubatswe hagati ya 1949 - 1952 ni amazu atuye mu majyambere mato azwi ku izina ryaCité“Sans souci, ”Mu nkengero za Paris ya Muedon.

Inzu ya Prouvé yo mu 1954 hamwe n’amahugurwa yimuwe 1946 yakiriwe n’abashyitsi kuva mu mpera zicyumweru cya mbere muri Kamena kugeza mu mpera zicyumweru gishize muri Nzeri i Nancy, mu Bufaransa.Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy ifite kimwe mu byegeranyo rusange by’ibintu byakozwe na Prouvé.

Umwanditsi Elisabeth Blanchet avuga ko inzu ndangamurage “Mémoire de Soye yashoboye kubaka 'baraques' eshatu zitandukanye: Ubwongereza 100, Ubufaransa n'ubw'Abanyakanada.Basubiwemo ibikoresho byo mu ntambara ndetse nigihe cya nyuma yintambara.Mémoire de Soye ni inzu ndangamurage yonyine mu Bufaransa aho ushobora gusura prefabs nyuma y'intambara. ”Inzu ndangamurage i Lorient, muri Brittany.Urubuga rwabo (mu gifaransa) hano:http://www.soye.org

Uzasangamo andi makuru yerekeye abafaransa nyuma ya WW II yubatswe na aluminiyumu n’ibyuma mu kiganiro cyanjye ku mazu ya Jean Prouvé atabarika ku murongo ukurikira:https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho

5. Mu gusoza

Muri Amerika, nyuma y’intambara umusaruro mwinshi wa aluminiyumu n’ibyuma byakozwe mbere ntibyigeze biba impamo.Lustron yari uruganda runini rufite amazu 2.498.Mu Bwongereza, hubatswe bungalows zirenga 92.800 n’ibyuma by’agateganyo byubatswe mu rwego rwo kubaka nyuma y’intambara byatanze amazu y’agateganyo 156.623 yakozwe mbere y’ubwoko bwose hagati ya 1945 na 1949, igihe gahunda yarangiraga.Mu Bufaransa, amazu amagana ya aluminiyumu n’ibyuma yubatswe nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, inyinshi zikaba zarakoreshejwe mu ntangiriro nk'amazu y'agateganyo ku bantu bimuwe n'intambara.Amahirwe yo kubyaza umusaruro amazu nkaya ntabwo yateye imbere mubufaransa.

Kubura intsinzi muri Amerika byaturutse ku bintu byinshi, harimo:

• Igiciro kinini-cyo gushyiraho umurongo-utanga umusaruro mwinshi wamazu yubatswe, ndetse no muruganda runini, rwinshi rwintambara rwashobokaga uruganda rukora amazu muburyo bwiza bwamafaranga.
• Urunigi rutarakura kugirango rushyigikire uruganda rukora amazu (ni ukuvuga, abatanga ibintu bitandukanye barakenewe kuruta icyahoze ari uruganda rwindege).
• Kugurisha neza, gukwirakwiza no gutanga ibikorwa remezo kumazu yakozwe.
• Inyubako zinyuranye, zitateguwe kode yaho yubatswe hamwe na zone zoni zahagaze muburyo bwo kwicara no gushiraho igishushanyo gisanzwe, amazu adasanzwe ya prefab.
• Abatavuga rumwe n’amashyirahamwe y’ubwubatsi n’abakozi badashaka gutakaza akazi ku mazu yakozwe n’uruganda.
• Uruganda rumwe gusa, Lustron, rwakoze amazu ya prefab ku mubare munini kandi birashoboka ko byungukirwa nubukungu bwumusaruro rusange.Abandi bakora ibicuruzwa babyaye umusaruro muke kuburyo badashobora gukora inzibacyuho kuva mubikorwa byabanyabukorikori bakajya mubikorwa rusange.
• Ibiciro byo gukora byiyongera byagabanutse cyangwa bivanaho inyungu yambere yibiciro byahanuwe kumazu ya aluminium yakozwe nicyuma, ndetse no kuri Lustron.Ntibashoboraga guhatanira igiciro n'amazu yagereranijwe asanzwe yubatswe.
• Ku bijyanye na Lustron, ibirego bya ruswa by’amasosiyete byatumye ikigo cy’imari cy’Ubwubatsi cyita ku nguzanyo ya Lustron, bituma ikigo gihomba hakiri kare.

Duhereye kuri aya masomo ya nyuma ya WW II yize, hamwe ninyungu zongeye gushishikazwa n "amazu mato", birasa nkaho hagomba kubaho urubanza rwubucuruzi bwuruganda rugezweho, runini, rufite ubwenge kubwinshi buhendutse-bw-umusaruro mwinshi wamazu maremare yakozwe mbere yakozwe uhereye kuri aluminium, ibyuma, na / cyangwa ibindi bikoresho.Izi nzu zateguwe zishobora kuba zifite ubunini buciriritse, bugezweho, bushimishije, bukoresha ingufu (byemejwe na LEED), kandi bigahinduka kurwego mugihe wubaha igishushanyo mbonera.Aya mazu agomba gutegurwa kubyara umusaruro no kwicara kuri tombora mu mijyi no mumujyi.Nizera ko muri Amerika hari isoko rinini kuri ubu bwoko bw'amazu ahendutse, cyane cyane nk'uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo cy'ibura ry'amazu adahoraho mu mijyi myinshi no mu mijyi.Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, haracyari inzitizi zikomeye zigomba kuneshwa, cyane cyane aho amashyirahamwe y’abakozi y’inganda ashobora guhagarara mu nzira kandi, muri Californiya, aho nta muntu n'umwe uzifuza inzu yoroheje yubatswe yicaye iruhande rwa McMansion.

Urashobora gukuramo kopi ya pdf yiyi nyandiko, utabariyemo ingingo zitandukanye, hano:

https://gkzaeb.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/ibikoresho
6. Kubindi bisobanuro

Amerika nyuma y’intambara ya WW II n’amazu yubatswe:

• Kubaka mu myaka yintambara - 1942 - 45, Ishami ry’umurimo muri Amerika, Biro ishinzwe ibarurishamibare ry’umurimo, Bulletin No 915:https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/ibitangaza/bls/bls_0915_1948.pdf
• Hartley Howe, “Guhagarika Amazu,” Ubumenyi bukunzwe, pp. 66-71, Werurwe 1946:https://books.google.com/ibitabo?id=PSEDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=ibinyoma
• William Remington, “Gahunda y’imyubakire yihutirwa,” Amategeko n’ibibazo bigezweho, Ukuboza 1946:https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2295&context=lcp
• Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe imiturire, Ibiro bishinzwe imiturire, Vol.1, nomero 2 kugeza 8, Nyakanga 1946 kugeza Mutarama 1947, urashobora gusoma kumurongo ukoresheje Google Ibitabo:https://play.google.com/ibitabo/umusomyi?id=Q_jjCy0570QC&hl=en&pg=GBS.RA1-PA1
• Blaine Stubblefield, "Inganda zindege zizakora amazu ya Aluminiyumu ku basezerewe," Amakuru yindege, Vol.6, No 10, 2 Nzeri 1946 (biboneka mu cyumweru cy’indege n’ikinyamakuru Ikoranabuhanga mu kirere)
• Ikinyamakuru Aviation News, p. “Intambara ya Aluminiyumu Yagabanijwe na NHA.”22, 14 Ukwakira 1946 (biboneka mu cyumweru cy’indege & Ikoranabuhanga mu kirere ububiko bwa interineti)
• Ante Lee (AL) Carr, "Imfashanyigisho Ifatika Amazu Yateguwe", Harper & Brothers, 1947, iboneka kumurongo winyandiko ukoresheje interineti Archive kumurongo ukurikira:https://archive.org/stream/ALCarrApracticalguidetoprefabricatedhouses0001/ALCarr
• Burnham Kelly, “Gutegura Amazu - Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Albert Farwell Bemis Fondasiyo y’inganda zitunganya ibicuruzwa muri Amerika,” Ikinyamakuru cy’ikoranabuhanga cya MIT na John Wiley & Sons, 1951:http://www.survivorlibrary.com/ibitabo/by_ibikorwa_by_amazu_1951.pdf
• “Cataloge yuburyo bwo kubaka amazu,” Ikigo gishinzwe inguzanyo n’amazu, Ottawa, Kanada, 1960:https://dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/fayili/Catalogue_of_Urugo_Bubaka
• Keller Easterling na Richard Prelinger, “Hamagara Murugo: Inzu Yigenga Yubatsemo,” Isosiyete ya Voyager 1992:http://www.columbia.edu/cu/gsapp/projs/guhamagara-urugo/html/

Ubwongereza nyuma y’Intambara ya WW II n’amazu yubatswe:

• Elisabeth Blanchet, “Inzu ya Prefab,” Isomero rya Shire (Igitabo 788), 21 Ukwakira 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0747813576
• Elisabeth Blanchet, “Gusezera cyane kuri Bungalows ya Prefab WWII y'Ubwongereza,” Atlas Obscure, ku ya 26 Mata 2017:https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/excalibur-estate-prefab-urugo
• Elisabeth Blanchet, Sonia Zhuravlyova, “Prefabs - Amateka y’imibereho n’ubwubatsi,“ Amateka y’Ubwongereza, 15 Nzeri 2018, ISBN-13: 978-1848023512
• Jane Hearn, “Porogaramu Yigisha Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Prefab - Inyuma y'intambara ya Prefab,” Inzu Ndangamurage ya Prefab, 2018:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/amateka/uburezi-pack-2
• Chris Osuh, "Kugaruka kwa prefab: Amazu 'yuzuye-yuzuye' ashobora gukemura ikibazo cyamazu ya Manchester?," Amakuru ya nimugoroba ya Manchester, 25 Kamena 2018:https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.
• “Prefabs mu Bwongereza,” 12 Mata 2018:https://wikiaboutdoll.blogspot.com/2018/04/prefabs-muri-ubumwe-kingdom.html
• “Byibanze,” Amateka y'Ubwongereza na Google Ubuhanzi & Umuco,https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/1QLyNUcHxjFSIA
• “Amateka y’imiturire y’Inama Njyanama,” Igice cya 3, “Guhura n’ibura ry’amazu nyuma y’intambara,” Kaminuza yo mu Burengerazuba bw’Ubwongereza, Bristol, mu Bwongereza:http://fet.uwe.ac.uk/conweb/house_ages/inama_inzu/print.htm

Abafaransa nyuma y’Intambara ya WW II n’amazu yubatswe:

• Elisabeth Blanchet, “Prefabs mu Bufaransa,” Inzu Ndangamurage ya Prefab (UK), 2016:https://www.prefabmuseum.uk/content/amateka/prefabs-muri-france
• Nicole C. Rudolph, “Iwacu mu Bufaransa nyuma y'intambara - Amazu ya kijyambere hamwe n'uburenganzira bwo guhumurizwa,” Berghahn Monographs mu bushakashatsi bw'Abafaransa (Igitabo cya 14), Ibitabo bya Berghahn, Werurwe 2015, ISBN-13: 978-1782385875.Intangiriro y'iki gitabo iraboneka kumurongo uhuza:https://berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/RudolphAt_intro.pdf
• Kenny Cupers, "Umushinga Wimibereho: Amazu Nyuma yUbufaransa," Itangazamakuru rya kaminuza ya Minnesota, Gicurasi 2014, ISBN-13: 978-0816689651